For years, folks concerned within the oil and gasoline industry have been innovating and creating methods to get correct measurements. From extraction to supply of those raw supplies, everyone within the enterprise has invested a nice deal of effort to obtain essentially the most correct measurements.
As a result, scientists and engineers have been working onerous to search out new methods and strategies to make more environment friendly metrology systems. Thanks to their onerous work, the creation of different move meters was attainable and due to this, the oil and gas business continues to be sturdy at present.
These circulate meters are used by trade (especially gasoline and oil) to calculate the mass flow or volume move of fluids. Such functions define the capability and type of flow meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured primarily based on mass move and volume flow.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore production platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we have the move experience to tackle these tough jobs. Difficult oil and fuel move metering challenges corresponding to high pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our day by day business. We work with many of our upstream and downstream clients to develop custom circulate solutions for his or her hardest challenges, handling the most demanding chemical compounds of their most remote and hazardous areas. We work with you to improve process effectivity, scale back costly manufacturing downtime, and establish real-time monitoring and management.
Table of Contents
Where and how are oil and gas formed?
Ultrasonic move meter
Coriolis move meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex circulate meter
Turbine flow meter
Thermal move meter
Differential move meter
Positive displacement flow meter
Oil and gas move meter choice
Where and the way are oil and gasoline formed?
Before discussing the totally different move meters generally used within the oil and gas trade, it is essential to first perceive the process of how the trade collects raw materials.
Both of those raw materials exist in different geological sources. For essentially the most part, natural gasoline and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks similar to sandstone and limestone. The major purpose for that is that these supplies transfer simply through the rock, making them simpler to build up. The capacity of the found reservoirs can be determined by their porosity, whereas the production capacity is proportional to their permeability.
To start the flow, they drill inside these rocks, which can make the fluid simpler to extract. To provoke, improve or maintain flow, water is pumped into the rocks, which are usually situated underground. High stress water is pumped into these rocks, which is in a position to increase the flow rate and improve fluid extraction. A flow meter called an Apure electromagnetic move meter is used to precisely measure the amount of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some cases, drilling and pumping isn’t sufficient to obtain this material. Most of the oil or fuel present in impermeable rocks cannot be shaped within the typical way. These materials are known as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” and they include shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gasoline. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation must be stimulated to begin the circulate and enable the extraction process. To do this, a technique called “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mix of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the excessive stress, small cracks (fractures) are created, which will permit the material to move freely inside the foundation. Hydraulic fracturing is achieved by inflicting these fractures to open to allow the material to move, which is where the sand comes in; opening these fractures, resulting in high permeability. To precisely measure the blending of fracturing fluid and components in the combination, Apure’s electromagnetic move meters are used.
Now that we now have defined an outline of how the oil and gas business gets these uncooked supplies, the subsequent step is to grasp how they’re measured using various kinds of metering systems.
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Ultrasonic move meters measure the velocity of a fluid flowing by way of a pipe through the use of sound waves. Once the speed of the fluid slowly increases, a linear change in its frequency turns into obvious.
Ultrasonic move meters can be used to measure the circulate price of fluids inside and outdoors of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, whereas the clamp-on model uses a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on fashions are less correct than inline fashions. As a result, they are only used for spot checks to obtain instant measurement results.
เกจวัดแรงดัน and other flowmeters designed for crude oil can be used to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is appropriate for a lot of various things and is sturdy. Not to mention, it requires very little maintenance.
Coriolis flow meter
The know-how used in Coriolis flow meters just isn’t the most recent in measuring pure substances within the oil and gasoline business. The first industrial patents for Coriolis move meters date again to the Fifties. However, it was not until 1970 that the appliance of this know-how on this subject began. Until now, nothing has modified, regardless of improvements to the meters for extra correct measurements.
One of the unique designs of the circulate meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very accurate; nonetheless, the practicality of the mannequin was the first concern due to its vibration drawback. To remedy this downside, the design was modified to a two-tube design as a substitute of 1.
Despite going by way of different designs, the principle principle of Coriolis move meters never modified. As materials flows by way of them, inertia is created via the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The variety of twists is proportional to the mass flow fee. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to produce a linear move signal.
There are several advantages to using a Coriolis flow meter. One of them is that it is very accurate. These flow meters are more generally used to measure varied petroleum merchandise similar to crude oil and pure gasoline. The main point of the flow meter is that it primarily measures mass move quite than quantity. It is finest suited to measuring petroleum merchandise as a end result of the primary concern in measuring these merchandise is warmth rather than volume.
Typically, this kind of flow meter is suitable for pipes with diameters of 1 to 4 inches. Today, however, bigger fashions are more available than ever earlier than. The only drawback of the Coriolis flowmeter may be that it is dearer than different forms of metering methods. This is value it as a result of it’s inexpensive to maintain up than other circulate meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic circulate meter is predicated on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction principle of manufacturing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement precept could be seen in its limitations: can not measure steam and gas, the measured medium must be conductive, and the conductivity can not be less than 5μs/cm. Its advantage is that it could measure dirty, viscous and corrosive fluids, such as pulp, slurry, sewage, and so on.. No strain loss brought on by flow detection, large flow range, wide range of caliber, for big diameter pipeline can be utilized insertion type electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and working temperature to decide on the suitable electrode and lining supplies.
Vortex move meter
One of probably the most versatile circulate meters, the vortex move meter, can simply measure the move of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years previous, vortex flowmeters lacked the required approvals to be used in business. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute accredited a draft normal for the usage of this flowmeter. Since that time, a quantity of corporations in the industry have been actively working with API to additional develop the usual and its approval.
The commonplace is applicable to liquid, vapor and gasoline flows and was expanded for further use in 2010. Although there’s an uncertain future, the design is obvious for the presence of gases and liquids. In recent years, vortex flowmeters have had a limited influence in the marketplace, but the preference for future firms is steadily growing. However, as a outcome of other opponents similar to ultrasonic, differential stress and turbine flow meters, it has had little impression on the gasoline commerce supply market.
Turbine flow meter
Turbine flow meters use a mechanical rotor which is hooked up to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the volume of the fuel, fluid or steam passing via the pipe. As the substance passes via the pipe, the rotor rotates at its speed, relying on the velocity at which the substance is passing through the pipe. The rotational velocity ensuing from the rotation of the rotor is set by the use of a sensor or different mechanical methodology.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet situated on the skin of the pipe. Through the use of a sign, the sensor and transmitter decide the quantity of fabric flowing within the pipe.
Turbine move meters are very cheap when it comes to pricing. In addition, they offer extra correct outcomes when the substance being measured is a fuel or any other materials that is free of debris at low move charges.
One drawback of using a turbine flowmeter is that it doesn’t adapt well to altering flow charges, as the mechanical elements can put on heavily and must be replaced immediately. In addition, turbine meters work greatest when measuring the mass of a gas with unknown traits.
In addition to its uses, it is generally used as a billing meter to measure fuel or water in industrial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, nonetheless, it competes with volumetric flow meters. The latter is extra suitable for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in measurement, while the turbine move meter is best fitted to pipes of 10 inches or more in size.
Thermal flow meter
In its main sense, a thermal circulate meter measures the speed at which warmth dissipates as it is injected directly into a gasoline stream. In most cases, thermal move meters are used completely to measure gases.
The heat dissipation is decided by the composition and temperature of the gas. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this degree of accuracy is within acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is the only option.
Differential flow meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic flow meter, it also measures the move by way of the pipe. It differs from different flowmeters in that it uses Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential move meters use constriction to gradual the move and stress of fabric in the pipe.
As the circulate strain slowly increases, the magnitude of the stress drop increases proportionally. The knowledge from this event is transmitted over completely different sets of stress readings. Using this info, it is potential to calculate the stress differential to measure the volumetric move rate.
Differential circulate meters are usually low-cost. And there are additionally completely different variations for various substances to make accurate measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a special case as a outcome of to be able to get accurate readings for a specific fuel, differential move meters must be utilized in combination with different sensors for different factors similar to temperature, strain, gas composition and gas density.
Although it is a wonderful flowmeter in its own proper, industry prefers different types of metering techniques. This is principally due to its inaccuracy in relation to other factors corresponding to temperature, stress, etc. In addition, in order to acquire the most correct fuel measurements, it must be utilized in mixture with different sensors or a unique model of differential strain flowmeter altogether. Due to the above components, it’s troublesome to acquire correct readings. This is principally the explanation why the oil and gas business prefers different types of metering, especially when coping with gases.
Positive displacement move meter
There are several varieties of positive displacement move meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric flow meters can be utilized for a big selection of things involving business, industrial and residential applications. They are mostly used to measure fuel circulate. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters on this regard. One of its advantages over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at handling a gentle circulate in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are usually used to measure fuel move. The latter is most well-liked over opponents similar to Coriolis flowmeters, primarily as a result of volumetric flowmeters don’t have the industry approvals required for subject applications.
Oil and gas move meter choice
The main elements to consider in choosing an appropriate flowmeter embrace: fluid characteristics, flowmeter traits requirements, set up situations, environmental circumstances, and cost.
In addition, the number of flow meters can not fully pursue excessive performance and high precision, which not solely will increase the purchase cost, but in addition increases the cost of spare elements. It is also necessary to contemplate the calibration and maintenance of move meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid flow is the basis for making certain the safety of petrochemical production course of, improving product quality and lowering vitality consumption. Due to the complexity and variety of flow measurement media, there is no universal type of flowmeter, no flowmeter could be applied to any totally different circumstances of all types of media. Each type of flowmeter has its advantages and limitations of measurement, different rules, completely different constructions, different features of the flowmeter in their respective applicable scope play a task. Therefore, the number of flowmeter needs to comply with the standard specifications and choice ideas at the same time comprehensive consideration of varied factors affecting circulate measurement.
Extended reading:
Solvent circulate meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic move meter working precept
Liquid move meter
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For years, folks involved in the oil and gasoline industry have been innovating and creating ways to get correct measurements. From extraction to delivery of those raw supplies, everybody in the enterprise has invested quite so much of effort to acquire probably the most accurate measurements.
As a end result, scientists and engineers have been working exhausting to search out new methods and strategies to make extra environment friendly metrology methods. Thanks to their hard work, the creation of different flow meters was potential and due to this, the oil and fuel business is still sturdy today.
These move meters are utilized by trade (especially fuel and oil) to calculate the mass circulate or volume circulate of fluids. Such purposes define the capability and type of flow meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured primarily based on mass move and quantity move.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore manufacturing platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we now have the move expertise to deal with these robust jobs. Difficult oil and gasoline flow metering challenges corresponding to excessive pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our daily enterprise. We work with many of our upstream and downstream clients to develop customized move options for their hardest challenges, handling essentially the most demanding chemical compounds in their most distant and dangerous areas. We work with you to improve course of effectivity, cut back costly production downtime, and establish real-time monitoring and control.
Table of Contents
Where and how are oil and gas formed?
Ultrasonic flow meter
Coriolis circulate meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex circulate meter
Turbine flow meter
Thermal circulate meter
Differential flow meter
Positive displacement circulate meter
Oil and gas flow meter choice
Where and how are oil and gasoline formed?
Before discussing the completely different move meters commonly used within the oil and gasoline business, you will need to first understand the method of how the trade collects raw supplies.
Both of these uncooked supplies exist in numerous geological sources. For probably the most half, natural gas and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks similar to sandstone and limestone. The major cause for that is that these materials move easily by way of the rock, making them simpler to build up. The capability of the found reservoirs can be decided by their porosity, whereas the production capacity is proportional to their permeability.
To start the flow, they drill inside these rocks, which will make the fluid simpler to extract. To initiate, increase or sustain move, water is pumped into the rocks, which are usually positioned underground. High stress water is pumped into these rocks, which can enhance the circulate fee and enhance fluid extraction. A move meter called an Apure electromagnetic move meter is used to precisely measure the quantity of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some cases, drilling and pumping just isn’t adequate to acquire this material. Most of the oil or fuel found in impermeable rocks cannot be shaped within the conventional method. These materials are referred to as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” and they embrace shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gas. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation ought to be stimulated to begin out the flow and allow the extraction process. To do this, a method referred to as “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mix of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the excessive stress, small cracks (fractures) are created, which will allow the material to maneuver freely inside the inspiration. Hydraulic fracturing is completed by inflicting these fractures to open to allow the fabric to move, which is the place the sand comes in; opening these fractures, leading to excessive permeability. To accurately measure the mixing of fracturing fluid and additives in the mixture, Apure’s electromagnetic move meters are used.
Now that we have explained an overview of how the oil and gas industry will get these uncooked supplies, the subsequent step is to grasp how they are measured using various kinds of metering systems.
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Ultrasonic circulate meters measure the rate of a fluid flowing by way of a pipe by using sound waves. Once the speed of the fluid slowly will increase, a linear change in its frequency becomes obvious.
Ultrasonic circulate meters can be used to measure the circulate rate of fluids inside and outdoors of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter contained in the pipe, while the clamp-on model uses a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on fashions are much less correct than inline models. As a outcome, they’re only used for spot checks to obtain instant measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and other flowmeters designed for crude oil can be utilized to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is appropriate for many different things and is durable. Not to mention, it requires very little upkeep.
Coriolis move meter
The technology utilized in Coriolis move meters isn’t the most recent in measuring natural substances in the oil and gas business. The first industrial patents for Coriolis move meters date back to the 1950s. However, it was not till 1970 that the appliance of this technology on this subject began. Until now, nothing has modified, regardless of enhancements to the meters for extra correct measurements.
One of the unique designs of the flow meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very accurate; however, the practicality of the mannequin was the primary concern due to its vibration problem. To solve this drawback, the design was modified to a two-tube design instead of one.
Despite going via completely different designs, the principle precept of Coriolis flow meters by no means changed. As materials flows by way of them, inertia is created through the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The number of twists is proportional to the mass move price. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to supply a linear flow sign.
There are a number of advantages to using a Coriolis circulate meter. One of them is that it is rather accurate. These move meters are extra commonly used to measure numerous petroleum products corresponding to crude oil and pure gas. The main level of the circulate meter is that it primarily measures mass move quite than quantity. It is greatest fitted to measuring petroleum products because the principle concern in measuring these merchandise is heat somewhat than volume.
Typically, this type of move meter is appropriate for pipes with diameters of 1 to four inches. Today, nonetheless, bigger fashions are extra readily available than ever before. The solely disadvantage of the Coriolis flowmeter could additionally be that it is more expensive than different forms of metering systems. This is price it because it is less expensive to take care of than other move meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic flow meter relies on Faraday’s regulation of electromagnetic induction precept of manufacturing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement principle may be seen in its limitations: cannot measure steam and gasoline, the measured medium have to be conductive, and the conductivity can not be less than 5μs/cm. Its benefit is that it can measure dirty, viscous and corrosive fluids, corresponding to pulp, slurry, sewage, and so on.. No pressure loss attributable to flow detection, giant circulate vary, wide range of caliber, for giant diameter pipeline can be utilized insertion sort electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and operating temperature to choose on the suitable electrode and lining supplies.
Vortex move meter
One of essentially the most versatile move meters, the vortex flow meter, can simply measure the flow of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years past, vortex flowmeters lacked the required approvals for use in trade. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute permitted a draft commonplace for the usage of this flowmeter. Since that point, several companies in the industry have been actively working with API to additional develop the usual and its approval.
The standard is applicable to liquid, vapor and gasoline flows and was expanded for further use in 2010. Although there may be an uncertain future, the design is clear for the presence of gases and liquids. In latest years, vortex flowmeters have had a limited influence on the market, however the desire for future firms is steadily increasing. However, due to different rivals similar to ultrasonic, differential strain and turbine move meters, it has had little impact on the gas trade supply market.
Turbine move meter
Turbine flow meters use a mechanical rotor which is attached to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the quantity of the fuel, fluid or steam passing by way of the pipe. As the substance passes via the pipe, the rotor rotates at its pace, depending on the speed at which the substance is passing via the pipe. The rotational velocity ensuing from the rotation of the rotor is decided by the use of a sensor or other mechanical methodology.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet positioned on the skin of the pipe. Through using a signal, the sensor and transmitter determine the amount of fabric flowing in the pipe.
Turbine flow meters are very inexpensive when it comes to pricing. In addition, they offer more accurate outcomes when the substance being measured is a gasoline or another material that is free of particles at low circulate charges.
One disadvantage of using a turbine flowmeter is that it doesn’t adapt properly to changing flow charges, as the mechanical elements can wear closely and need to be changed immediately. In addition, turbine meters work greatest when measuring the mass of a gasoline with unknown characteristics.
In addition to its uses, it’s commonly used as a billing meter to measure gasoline or water in commercial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, however, it competes with volumetric move meters. The latter is extra suitable for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in dimension, whereas the turbine circulate meter is greatest fitted to pipes of 10 inches or extra in size.
Thermal move meter
In its main sense, a thermal circulate meter measures the speed at which heat dissipates as it is injected instantly into a gasoline stream. In most instances, thermal move meters are used completely to measure gases.
The warmth dissipation is determined by the composition and temperature of the gas. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this stage of accuracy is inside acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is the solely option.
Differential circulate meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic circulate meter, it also measures the circulate by way of the pipe. It differs from different flowmeters in that it makes use of Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential circulate meters use constriction to slow the move and stress of material within the pipe.
As the circulate strain slowly will increase, the magnitude of the pressure drop increases proportionally. The data from this event is transmitted over different units of strain readings. Using this information, it’s potential to calculate the strain differential to measure the volumetric circulate price.
Differential circulate meters are usually low-cost. And there are also totally different versions for different substances to make accurate measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a special case as a end result of to be able to get accurate readings for a specific gasoline, differential move meters ought to be used in mixture with other sensors for different elements such as temperature, strain, gas composition and gas density.
Although it is a superb flowmeter in its personal proper, trade prefers different kinds of metering systems. This is mainly as a end result of its inaccuracy in relation to other factors corresponding to temperature, strain, and so on. In addition, in order to get hold of essentially the most accurate fuel measurements, it must be used in mixture with different sensors or a different model of differential stress flowmeter altogether. Due to the above components, it is difficult to acquire accurate readings. This is especially the explanation why the oil and gasoline business prefers different forms of metering, especially when dealing with gases.
Positive displacement flow meter
There are different sorts of optimistic displacement circulate meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric flow meters can be used for quite a lot of things involving industrial, industrial and residential purposes. They are mostly used to measure gas move. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters in this regard. One of its advantages over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at handling a steady flow in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are typically used to measure gasoline flow. The latter is most popular over competitors such as Coriolis flowmeters, primarily as a outcome of volumetric flowmeters don’t have the industry approvals required for subject applications.
Oil and gas flow meter choice
The primary elements to consider in selecting a suitable flowmeter include: fluid traits, flowmeter characteristics requirements, installation situations, environmental conditions, and value.
In addition, the number of move meters can’t absolutely pursue excessive performance and excessive precision, which not solely increases the purchase value, but also will increase the price of spare parts. It can also be necessary to suppose about the calibration and maintenance of move meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid flow is the basis for making certain the protection of petrochemical manufacturing process, improving product high quality and decreasing power consumption. Due to the complexity and variety of flow measurement media, there isn’t any universal kind of flowmeter, no flowmeter could be applied to any totally different conditions of all kinds of media. Each sort of flowmeter has its advantages and limitations of measurement, completely different rules, different structures, different capabilities of the flowmeter in their respective relevant scope play a role. Therefore, the choice of flowmeter needs to follow the usual specs and choice ideas at the identical time complete consideration of assorted factors affecting move measurement.
Extended studying:
Solvent move meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic circulate meter working principle
Liquid move meter